直觀理解
在無(wú)線通信的環(huán)境中,想象從 transmitter 發(fā)出的信號(hào)會(huì)從不同的方向發(fā)射出,這些信號(hào)會(huì)通過(guò)不同的路徑,遇到不同的障礙,最后匯集在接收端。

往往來(lái)說(shuō),我們最后得到的都會(huì)比原有信號(hào)的質(zhì)量更差,我們就把這樣的信號(hào)損失(signal deuteriation) 叫做衰落 (fading)。
衰落類型分類
在對(duì)無(wú)線信道的分類中,我們很容易對(duì)兩組分類感到混淆。一組是大尺度衰落和小尺度衰落(large scale vs. small scale),另一組是慢衰落和快衰落(slow vs. fast)。
其實(shí)兩種分類本質(zhì)上沒(méi)區(qū)別,我們這里沿用后一種分類。我相信大家剛開始接觸到,慢衰落和快衰落時(shí)都有這么一個(gè)疑問(wèn):
到底多快才算是快衰落?多慢才是慢衰落?
我這里先把完整的英文定義貼出來(lái),大家仔細(xì)品一品:
Fast Fading is used to describe channels in which Channel Coherence Time < Transmission Symbol Time. Fast Fading describes a condition where the time duration in which the channel behaves in a correlated manner is short compared to the time duration of a symbol. Therefore, it can be expected that the fading characteristic of the channel will change several times while a symbol is propagating, leading to distortion of the baseband pulse shape. Analogous to the distortion described as ISI, the distortion take place because the received signal's components are not all highly correlated throughout time.
Slow Fading is used to describe channels in which Channel Coherence Time > Transmission Symbol Time. Here, the time duration that the channel behaves in a correlated manner is long compared to the time duration of a transmission symbol. Thus, one can expect the channel state to virtually remain unchanged during the time in which a symbol is transmitted. The propagating symbols will likely not suffer from the pulse distortion. The primary degradation in a slow-fading channel, as with flat fading, is loss in SNR.
這里重點(diǎn)提到了一個(gè)概念,Coherence Time (相干時(shí)間)。我自己很不喜歡「相干」二字的翻譯,如果從 Coherence 另一個(gè)含義出發(fā),代表的是「一致性」。
也就是說(shuō)如果 Coherence time 大于 Transmission Symbol Time,那么在一個(gè) Transmission Symbol Time,信道條件保持一致,不發(fā)生劇烈的改變。
Slow fading 慢衰落
一般 Slow fading 分為兩大類:路徑損耗(Pathloss)和陰影衰落(Shadowing)。
路徑損耗
在自由空間中,電磁波的強(qiáng)度隨距離的增加而降低,對(duì)應(yīng)有如下公式:
其中 表示接收功率, 是接收功率, 分別是接收增益和發(fā)射增益, 是電磁波波長(zhǎng), 是發(fā)射天線和接收天線之間的距離。
更常用的做法是把路徑損耗表達(dá)為 dB 的形式:
我們直接來(lái)看一個(gè)計(jì)算 pathloss 的例子(由 ChatGPT 提供):
Suppose we have a point-to-point communication link between two buildings, where one building has a transmitter and the other has a receiver. The application is a wireless IP camera system for remote monitoring.
Transmitter output power (Pt): 20 dBm
Receiver sensitivity (Pr): -85 dBm
Path loss model: Urban, 2.4 GHz frequency, 200 meters distance (estimated path loss Lp = 100 + 20_log10(d) + 20_log10(f), where d is the distance in meters, and f is the frequency in GHz)
Antenna patterns: Directional antennas (patch antennas) with a gain of 14 dBi at both transmitter and receiver.
Link budget calculation:
Calculate path loss (Lp): Lp = 100 + 20_log10(200) + 20_log10(2.4) = 100 + 46 + 7.6 ≈ 153.6 dB
Calculate total antenna gain (Gt + Gr): Gt (transmitter antenna gain) = 14 dBi Gr (receiver antenna gain) = 14 dBi Total antenna gain = Gt + Gr = 14 + 14 = 28 dBi
Calculate the link margin (LM): LM = Pt - Lp + (Gt + Gr) - Pr LM = 20 - 153.6 + 28 - (-85) LM = 20 - 153.6 + 28 + 85 = 20.4 dB
In this example, the link margin is 20.4 dB, which means the signal strength at the receiver is 20.4 dB above the minimum required sensitivity for proper operation. This positive link margin indicates that the communication link should be reliable, considering the directional antenna pattern and the gain of the antennas.
陰影衰落
陰影衰落(shadowing)指的是電磁波在傳播路徑上遇到起伏的山丘,建筑物,樹林等建筑物的阻擋,形成電磁波的陰影區(qū),引起的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度的變化。
這種衰落一般了解即可,大家不需要深究。
Fast Fading 快衰落
我們先來(lái)辨析一下快衰落和慢衰落的區(qū)別。快衰落和慢衰落是由相干時(shí)間和傳輸一個(gè)符號(hào)的時(shí)間的大小決定的。快衰落是由于終端的移動(dòng)而引起信道衰落的變化較快。
快衰落還有一個(gè)等價(jià)的多普勒效應(yīng)解釋:信道的相干時(shí)間 <傳輸一個(gè)符號(hào)的時(shí)間,即在一個(gè)符號(hào)傳播的過(guò)程中,信道的衰減特性將發(fā)生多次變化,導(dǎo)致基帶脈沖波形的失真。
因此,快衰落會(huì)導(dǎo)致基帶脈沖波形失真,造成信噪比的損失,通常會(huì)產(chǎn)生不可還原的錯(cuò)誤,這種扭曲的脈沖會(huì)導(dǎo)致同步問(wèn)題。
慢衰落的多普勒效應(yīng)的解釋為:信道的相干時(shí)間 >傳輸一個(gè)符號(hào)的時(shí)間**,即在一個(gè)符號(hào)傳播的過(guò)程中,信道的特性可看成近似不變。
因此,在慢衰落中唯一的損失就是會(huì)造成SNR的損失。
Frequency Selective Fading
先上定義:
Frequency selective fading, also known as frequency-selective multipath fading, is a type of signal fading that occurs when a wireless signal is transmitted through a multipath propagation environment. In such an environment, the signal reaches the receiver via multiple paths, each with a different path length and phase shift. As a result, different frequency components of the signal may experience different levels of attenuation or amplification, leading to a frequency-dependent signal distortion known as frequency selective fading.
簡(jiǎn)單而言,頻率選擇衰落是由于多徑效應(yīng)引起的(Multipath Propagation),由于到底接收端的幅度和相位不同,導(dǎo)致不同頻率的分量遭受了不同程度的衰落。
與頻率選擇性對(duì)應(yīng)的概念是「相干帶寬」(Coherence Bandwidth)。
這里的 指的是信道的沖擊響應(yīng) 持續(xù)的時(shí)間,稱之為時(shí)延擴(kuò)展(time delay)。
我們能得出下面的關(guān)系:
If signal bandwidth $B
If signal bandwidth -> frequency selective fading, ISI exists
Time Selective Fading
先介紹一下多普勒頻移的概念。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō),如果發(fā)送端和接收端是以一定速度在移動(dòng)的,那么對(duì)應(yīng)的頻率也會(huì)發(fā)生變化。

來(lái)看下面這么一個(gè)例子:

之前提到的相干時(shí)間,用來(lái)描述的是信道變化速度的快慢,而信道變化的頻率其實(shí)就與相干時(shí)間成反比:
因此呢,在不同的時(shí)間層面上,衰落不一樣。
在 Frequency Selective Fading 里對(duì)應(yīng)的是概念是「信道帶寬」和「相干帶寬」,而在對(duì)偶的 Time Selective Fading 里面對(duì)應(yīng)的概念是「相干時(shí)間」和「符號(hào)傳輸時(shí)間」。
常見(jiàn)的無(wú)線衰落信道
Rayleigh Fading
瑞利衰落:多條反射路徑疊加的結(jié)果。每條路徑到達(dá)接收機(jī)的時(shí)間相差不多,且每條路徑的相位可以認(rèn)為是獨(dú)立的。如果所有的路徑是獨(dú)立同分布的隨機(jī)變量,則根據(jù)大數(shù)定律,疊加的結(jié)果服從復(fù)高斯分布,幅度服從瑞利分布,相位服從均勻分布。
定義信道模型如下:
function H = Ray_model(N)
%% 瑞利信道模型
% 輸入:
% N : 仿真的符號(hào)數(shù)
% 輸出:
% H : 信道向量
H = (rand(1, N) + 1j * randn(1, N)) / sqrt(2);
end
Rician Fading
萊斯衰落為LoS路徑和多條反射徑疊加的結(jié)果,幅度服從萊斯分布,相位服從均勻分布。
萊斯因子 定義為L(zhǎng)oS分量功率 和NLoS分量功率 之比:
隨著 的增大,接收信號(hào)的PDF趨于高斯的PDF。
通常,對(duì)于瑞利衰落信道來(lái)說(shuō) ≈?40dB ,對(duì)于高斯信道來(lái)說(shuō) >15dB 。
function H = Ric_model(K_dB, N)
% 萊斯信道模型
% 輸入:
% K_dB : 萊斯因子(dB)
% N : 仿真符號(hào)數(shù)
K = 10 ^(K_dB / 10);
H = sqrt(K / (K + 1)) + sqrt(1 / (K + 1)) * Ray_model(N);
% LoS分量:sqrt(K / (K + 1));NLoS分量:sqrt(1 / (K + 1)) * Ray_model(N)
end

Reference
4G | ShareTechnote Fading
衰落(1)-- 基本概念,多普勒擴(kuò)展 - 知乎
原文:一文講透無(wú)線信道衰落:快衰落與慢衰落 - 知乎
審核編輯 黃宇
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